Bladder dysfunction and pathophysiology often stem from compromised bladder function, leading to lower urinary tract symptoms such as overactive bladder (OAB) and interstitial cystitis (IC). These debilitating conditions significantly impair quality of life and disproportionately affect older adults. While pharmacological treatments exist, they often provide only symptomatic relief, exhibit limited long-term efficacy, and have high discontinuation rates due to adverse side effects. Current clinical approaches fail to address the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlighting a critical gap in our mechanistic understanding of bladder function, particularly in aging. This dissertation aims to bridge these gaps by developing a novel methodology for concurrent functional assessment of bladder urodynamics and pelvic sensitivity in aged mice, followed by an investigation into the peripheral neural encoding of bladder function. By establishing a novel anesthesia protocol in both mature and aged mice with continuous urethane infusion (0.15–0.23 g/kg/hr), I established a robust and repeatable approach for evaluating bladder urodynamics via cystometric recordings and pelvic sensitivity to urinary bladder distension (UBD) via electromyographic (EMG) recordings of visceromotor responses (VMR). This methodological advancement enables a more comprehensive assessment compared to existing approaches by simultaneously evaluating urodynamics and bladder-related pelvic pain. Applying this in vivo, I systematically examined the effects of intravesical pharmacological infusions on bladder function in both mature and aged mice. The findings revealed that aged bladders exhibit hyposensitivity to distension but can develop pelvic hypersensitivity following urothelial irritant exposure. Additionally, I investigated the neuromodulatory effects of pharmacological compounds targeting hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) cation channels by performing single-fiber recordings from bladder afferent axons with direct detrusor smooth muscle drug applications. By systematically characterizing bladder urodynamics, pelvic sensitivity, and afferent neural encoding, this dissertation advances our understanding of aging-related bladder dysfunctions. Furthermore, it establishes a novel and powerful research platform for future mechanistic studies of bladder pathophysiology in aging.